Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society Free Essays

The idea of human rights can be followed similarly as back as the hypotheses of Natural Law which proposed the presence of all inclusive good measures, and Charter rights, for example, the Magna Carta. [1] However, they started to ascend in significance after the repulsions of the Second World War and afterward towards the finish of the Cold War, which gave us many center human rights settlements, for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). 2] Solidarists would guarantee this expanding quest for human rights fortifies the structure of worldwide society in light of the fact that as the major individuals from the universal network, the privileges of people should take need over the privileges of states, and this ought to be the fundamental motivation behind the United Nations. We will compose a custom exposition test on Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society? or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now [3] However, regardless of whether the privileges of people ought to be organized, it is essential to save Westphalian standards to keep up global request. This article will utilize a pragmatist focal point to contend that people are best served by ensuring the privileges of states, and in this way the honesty of the state ought to consistently be kept up. It will show how this prioritization of national interests has implied that in reality the quest for human rights has neither fortified nor debilitated the structure of universal society, yet rather has been utilized as an instrument by states to save the norm and keep up their situation as the most remarkable on-screen characters in worldwide relations. It is conceivable to contend that partially the quest for human rights fortifies the structure of worldwide society, if the structure of global society is interpreted as meaning people and the manners by which they connect. Solidarists would contend that people and not states are a definitive individuals from worldwide society and as such their privileges should outweigh standards of statehood like sway and non-intercession. 4] Respecting human rights empowers individuals to have individual security and opportunity from savagery, just as unreservedly seek after their social objectives, in this way protecting request and fortifying worldwide society. [5] Since the finish of the Cold War numerous human rights settlements have been sanctioned and these are significant on the grounds that they furnish non-state on-screen characters and people with something to which they can consider states responsible despite human rights manhandles. 6] These bargains have likewise been significant in m aking a ‘human rights culture’, which is noteworthy in light of the fact that it implies that states are more compelled by their residents to save and effectively advance the protection of human rights. [7] This was seen in the United States of America (USA) where residential weight prompted the choice to intercede in Somalia. [8] This serves to reinforce universal society since it enables people to impact global communications. Moreover, solidarists would guarantee that the quest for human rights represents a hidden general ethical quality. [9] The acknowledgment of this all inclusive profound quality would assist with adjusting the conduct and cooperations of people over the world, henceforth reinforcing global society itself. In any case, regardless of whether people are taken to be a definitive individuals from universal society, it is states that structure the structure of it since they are the methods by which worldwide relations happen. Hedley Bull contends that global society would be ideally serviced by maintaining Westphalian standards on the grounds that these assistance safeguard request, as the standards of sway and non-intercession keep states from continually attacking one another and destabilizing universal society. [10] As people have decided to politically arrange themselves into states, the assurance of the state ought to be fundamental as the state is the referee of rights just as the protection against outside bellicosity, empowering the conservation of opportunity from brutality and government managed savings. Along these lines, Westphalian standards are urgent to the structure of universal society since they guarantee the trustworthiness of the state and consequently the security of the person. Starting here of view doubtlessly the quest for human rights really debilitates the structure of global society. In principle, significant parts of the human rights system like compassionate intercessions and the International Criminal Court (ICC) undermine the respectability of states since they bargain Westphalian standards. One reason the USA doesn't bolster the ICC is that it might have general locale without requiring state assent. [11] Human rights arrangements force upon states outside norms of equity which accept a universalism to the ethical quality of human rights which can't be demonstrated to exist, in this way trading off their opportunity of activity. [12] However, in spite of the fact that the standard of seeking after human rights debilitates the structure of global society, by and by it really does almost no to influence the state of affairs. States keep on being the most impressive on-screen characters in worldwide relations and all in all the human rights system has done little to disintegrate their Westphalian rights. States consistently act as per their own national advantages, and force governmental issues are a solid inspiring element in interstate relations. [13] This prompts the extending of the ‘compliance gap’, where states possibly agree to human rights settlements when there is no explanation behind resistance; anyway when human rights conflict with national security, the interests of the state are constantly organized. 14] States can even utilize human rights bargains as a shield against universal weight, in light of the fact that once a legislature approves a human rights arrangement there is little else remote entertainers can do, shy of equipped intercession. Basically, this permits states to ‘hide local human rights rehearses behind the cloak of universal law’. [15] Additionally, a large portion of the center human rights arrangements like the ICCPR were drafted and confirmed during the Cold War. 16] Many states utilized endorsement to increase political authenticity yet didn’t need to really follow them, for example, the Helsinki Accords which the Soviet Union marked so as to increase political equality with the USA, yet never proposed to execute. [17] This shows the primary motivation behind why the quest for human rights doesn't influence the structure of worldwide society †that there are no strong components for the authorization of global law and consequently no technique for battling exemption. 18] Although they can utilize monetary and political weight, the main genuine way that states can compel a reluctant state into consistence is through helpful intercessions. Philanthropic mediations have additionally done little in actuality to change the structure of global society as states don't for the most part take part in them, and when they do they are censured by the worldwide network. [19] When states intercede for philanthropic causes they despite everything legitimize the utilization of power as far as self-preservation, as observed with the Vietnamese mediation in Cambodia, and Tanzania in Uganda. 20] Even when philanthropy is expressed as the essential avocation, similarly as with the NATO intercession in Kosovo, nati onal interests consistently impact the states’ activities. NATO accepted in the event that it didn't act, at that point any future dangers of military power would seem excess, in this manner felt constrained to intercede in Kosovo. [21] This shows the fundamental inspiration was not the situation of the Kosovar individuals, rather the assurance of solidness in Europe and the upkeep of NATO believability. The main situation where an intercession would have really been helpful was the emergency in Rwanda, where the absence of a danger to national security debilitated a mediation, driving the West to swear by the Westphalian standards as a reason not to consume assets. The entirety of this shows the quest for human rights through compassionate mediations has not influenced the structure of universal society since states use it to spread their national advantages and disregard it when it doesn't profit them, accordingly protecting business as usual. Along these all in all, while solidarists could contend that the quest for human rights reinforces the structure of global society by enabling people to seek after an actual existence liberated from viciousness, as a general rule the human rights system has done little to influence the state of affairs of worldwide relations. States remain the most remarkable entertainers and don't permit human rights to meddle with their national advantages, following bargains just when rebelliousness isn't fundamental. 22] There has been no disintegration of the sway of states in light of the fact that globally there are no instruments for law implementation, thus states have opportunity to act as per their national advantages. [23] Even philanthropic intercessions don't influence the present territory of Westphalian rights since they are uncommon, and when they are completed it is consistently on the grounds that it is in light of a legitimate concern for the interceding state to do as such. In this manner the respectability of states is kept up in light of the fact that their sway and right to non-mediation is saved, permitting them to stay predominant in global relations and subsequently showing that the quest for human rights doesn't debilitate or reinforce the structure of universal society, rather just engenders the norm. The most effective method to refer to Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society?, Papers

Economies of Scale Essay -- Economics Economy Essays

Economies of Scale Financial matters Test 1. Characterize and clarify every single Internal Economy of Scale:  · Internal Economies of Scale:Are decreases in since quite a while ago run normal expense as the size and yield of a firm increments. At the end of the day, they are focal points that enormous firms have in light of the fact that they are huge. As they develop bigger over the long haul they figure out how to raise their yield quicker than the ascent in their all out expenses. The outcome is lower since quite a while ago run normal cost. - Marketing economies-Both in purchasing materials and selling its completed products an enormous firm is n a superior situation than a littler one. In purchasing the items it needs, the huge firm regularly pays less for crude materials, apparatus, etc on the grounds that providers are certain they are going to get huge requests and would prefer not to lose a major client. For example A maker of shoelaces will sell its items for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1 per bundle to Nike since it has a request for 1000 bundles for every week. Be that as it may, for Adidas it will sell them à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤2 on the grounds that it has just a request for 100 parcels for each week. So Nike has a lower cost for each parcel contrast with Adidas. In selling its items, Nike can bear to pay for costly and expertly made commercials or utilize authority sales reps much simpler than Adidas. The huge all out expense of publicizing can be spread over an enormous yield that is sold. Consequently, the normal expense of promoting will be low. - Financial economies-If Nike will get cash since it is a notable firm, it is viewed as progressively solid, and less dangerous is simpler to obtain than Adidas. So Nike can obtain a lot of cash with a lower loan cost contrasted with Adidas. For example On the off chance that Nike obtains à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1, 000000 it will pay a 8% loan cost while if Adidas obtains à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1,000 it wil... ...At OQ the firm is getting a charge out of Internal Economies of Scale and its normal expense falls. Past this point, further development would make the firm less proficient. Rather than delivering with a low normal cost, extra creation would cause the normal expense of every unit of yield to rise. 8. For what reason do little firms despite everything exist? - New firms - Firms don't begin huge. As such. Numerous organizations are little since they are new. Those that will be fruitful are normal to turn out to be huge throughout the years. - Desire to stay in charge Sometimes proprietors of little firms may not need the firm to become excessively huge on the off chance that they lose individual control. - Lack of Finance-Small firms think that its hard to grow on the grounds that they can't raise account. Enormous organizations have colossal held benefits and furthermore can offer offers to the overall population. Little firms can neither of these.

How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout

How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 27, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living How to relieve stress? Try a combination approach. mediaphotos/Getty Images If youre looking for less stress and more peace in your life, youre not alone; many, many people are feeling overwhelmed and wondering how to relieve stress. The key to a successful stress management plan is to have several techniques that can help you manage stress on many levels. The following tips can show you how to relieve stress in several different ways; explore one type of stress relief, put it into practice in your life, and move on to another, or use a combination of approaches beginning today. Whatever you chose, you cant go wrong here. Lets get started! Relax Your Body When you experience a stressor or a perceived threat to your wellbeing, your body is designed to spring into action with the stress response, which involves several physiological changes in your body that can prepare you to either fight or run. The problem is that many people experience stressors all day, and their bodies never quite get back to a non-stressed state, a situation known as chronic stress. Learn to relax to your pre-stress state, and save yourself. How to relieve stress? Try techniques like breathing exercises and other quick stress relievers, and feel better fast! Change Your Thinking One tip on how to relieve stress involves stopping your stress response before its triggered. This can be done because the stress response is triggered when you face real or perceived threat--its the perception of threat that stresses you, not the actual situation you face. If you can change how you think about what you face, you can often avoid the experience of stress altogether. Cultivating an optimistic explanatory style, using reframing techniques, minimizing cognitive distortions, and viewing your stressors as a challenge can all help you accomplish this. Cut Out Stressors Where You Can Another way to stop stress before it affects you is to eliminate situations in your life that feel stressful to you. That means cutting out toxic relationships if you find yourself routinely drained by difficult people. You may also want to focus on culling clutter if you find yourself losing things a lot or feeling stressed in your home. Creating a time management plan if youre too busy, learning to manage job stress if youre flirting with burnout, or addressing other lifestyle stressors can all bring a big payoff in relieving stress. Adopt Stress-Relieving Habits Certain habits can help you relieve stress if you make them a regular part of your life. Meditation, for example, can help you feel less stressed while youre practicing it, but regular meditation can help you become less reactive to stress that you encounter when youre not meditating. The same is true with exercise. Adopting a regular habit to help relieve stress can bring benefits in the short term as well as the long term. Get Ongoing Support It can be challenging to relieve stress, and it can get much easier to make necessary changes if you enlist support. This can mean letting your friends know what youre doing so they can cheer you on (and keep you honest), joining classes (yoga, meditation, and exercise classes are all great choices), hiring a life coach (many of us specialize in stress management), or even seeing a therapist or talking to your doctor if you need another level of support. Tips Find a mix of strategies that work well for you, and put them to use.If you try something new that doesnt work for you, try to find another stress reliever of the same kind--another lifestyle shift, for example, or another change in your thinking--that can work better for you.

Study On The Types Of Financial Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? 2.0 Introduction Financial Institutions are very important in our society today. This institutions let individuals and firms to borrow money and pay back later in time. Financial Institutions are institutions that provide financial services for its clients and members it also acts as financial intermediaries of the capital market and debt markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Types Of Financial Institutions Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This institution is responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies and vice versa who are in need of those funds. Financial institutions also facilitate the flow of money through the economy. This institution must take the risk when offering funds and loans to clients. This institution responsibility is to make sure that every client or company involved are satisfied by the services they offer and avoid mistakes and risks when unexpected circumstances occur. There are 3 ways to transfer funds which are; Direct Transfer, Indirect Transfer through Investment Banking House and Indirect Transfer through Financial Intermediaries. These 3 ways are the most common and mostly used way to transfer money. 2.1 Types of Financial Institutions The first way is through direct transfer, direct transfer of money and securities occurs when a business sells its stocks or bonds to savers without going to financial institutions. Whereas, the business delivers the securities to savers and can get the payment immediately. Second way is through indirect transfer through investment banking house. Investment bank  is a type of financial institution that assists individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital through underwriting or acting as the clients agent in issuing of  securities. Compared to  commercial banks  and  retail banks, an investment banks do not take deposits. Investment bank can be categorized into private and public functions with a  Chinese wall  that separates the two in preventing the information from crossing to each other. The private areas of the bank deals with the private  insider information  that is not to be publicly disclosed, and the public areas such as stock analysis are dealt with public information. Other large service investment banks offer all of the lines of businesses, such as both sell side  and  buy side. The smaller ones sell side investment firms such as  boutique investment banks  and small  broker-dealers  focus more on investment banking and sales, trading and research. Investment banks offer services to both investors buying securities and corporations issuing securities. For corporations, investment bankers are the one who provide information about when and how to place their money to an investment banks reputation. So, investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings and making sure that the company is in good state. The third way to transfer funds is through indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. Some people do not enter financial markets directly but they use financial intermediaries or middlemen. Commercial banks are part of financial intermediary, mutual funds, pensi on funds, credit unions, savings and loan associations, and to some insurance companies is also part of financial intermediaries.  For example, when people deposit money in a bank, the bank uses the funds to make loans to home buyers for mortgages, to students so they can pay for their education, and to anyone else who needs to borrow. A person who has extra money could, seek out borrowers himself and bypass the intermediary. By not having the middleman, the saver could get a higher return. But still, people use financial intermediaries. Financial intermediaries provide important advantages to savers. First, is lending through financial intermediary is usually  less risky  than lending directly. The major reason for reducing risk is that a financial intermediary can diversify. On the other hand, an average saver could directly make only a few loans, and having bad loans would substantially affect his wealth. Financial intermediaries also insure its depositors from substantial losses. By making many loans, financial intermediaries can reduce risk; they learn how to predict a better forecast which of the people who wants to borrow money will be able to repay it in the future. People who do not specialize in this kind of lending may be in a poor judge of who loans are worth making and which are not, sometimes, even specialists can make mistakes. Another advantage of financial intermediaries give savers is  liquidity. Liquidity refers to the ability to convert assets into a spendable form which is money. House is an illiquid asset; selling one can take a lot of time. If an individual saver has borrowed money directly to another person, the loan can also be an illiquid asset. But if the lender suddenly needs cash, he must force the borrower to repay quickly, which is not be possible, or he must find someone else who will buy the loan from him, which is very difficult. So it is better to borrow money in financial intermediaries because it is safe and fast and it is legal compared to other unauthorized people because they may cheat you. 2.2 Conclusion This diagram summarizes the flow of funds in the market. The first one is; Direct transfer which shows that the stocks and bonds goes directly from the business to savers and the payment of the savers goes directly to the business itself. The second one is; Indirect transfer through investment banks which shows that the securities sold by the business go first to the investment baking house then to the savers and the payments made by the savers go first to the investment banking house and hands over to the business. In short, the investment banking house serves as the clients agent for this transactions and they take over the risks. The third one is; Indirect transfer through financial intermediaries which is same as the indirect transfer through investment banking house the only difference is that financial intermediaries have diffent forms in which the savers can choose from. The securities bought and payments will go through the financial intermediaries first and then to t he business and savers and they act as middleman. As a summary, Financial institutions are very important in our society now adays because thay help people and business to have a legal transactions. People engaged in this kind of transactions must know the risk that they are going through and financial institutions must be held liable if anything happen. In my opinion, each flow of funds has its own advantages and disadvantages whether it is direct or indirect. But for me, the best way is through indirect transfer thorugh investment banking house because savers may feel secure when they engage in this kind of transaction. The investment banks will act as the clients agent in all of this and they will make sure that the transaction between savers and business will go smoothly without any delay. And with that savers may feel that investments bank are reliable when it comes to this kind of matters. People may have different perception when it comes to this, they may choose the direc t transfer or indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. but still, savers has the assurance that their money is in good hands. They must never fall for illegal transactions like the loan sharks who offers high interest but cheat people.

Globalization of the Fast Food Industry Essay - 1802 Words

English 120 11-22-09 Globalization of the Fast Food Industry Imagine a world where almost everyone is overweight, and cultural and family traditions do not exist. Eric Schlossers book Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal explores the effects of the spread of fast-food companies like McDonalds to other countries. In his chapter â€Å"Global Realization† Eric Schlosser claims that â€Å"The global expansion of American fast food is homogenizing cultural identities; like Las Vegas, it offers â€Å"a brief sense of hope†¦ that most brilliant illusion of all, a loss that feels like winning† Schlosser carefully selects and organizes information to advance his claim by using direct evidence as well as more subtle methods. In order†¦show more content†¦Schlosser starts off by saying that McDonalds biggest forms of advertisement is toward small children. An Australian survey concluded that â€Å"half of the nations nine and ten-year-olds thought that Ronald M cDonald knew what kids should eat†(Schlosser 530). It just goes on to show how the fast food industry exploits children at such a young age. Schlosser goes mentioning that on several occasions McDonalds tends to â€Å"bully† any party whom tries to take them to court, and â€Å"threatened to sue at least fifty British publications and organizations, including channel 4, the Sunday Times, the Guardian, the Sun, student publications, a vegetarian society, and a Scottish theater group† (542). McDonalds did this for the sake of not losing a case called â€Å"The Mclibel case† which consists of a former postal worker Dave Morris and minibus driver and bartender Helen Steel which filed a lawsuit accusing McDonalds for â€Å"promoting third world poverty, selling unhealthy food, exploiting workers and children, torturing animals, and destroying the Amazon rain-forest amongst other things† (Schlosser 542). During the case McDonalds went as far as hiring spi es to break into houses to gather evidence for their case. Schlosser writes â€Å"The spying had begun in 1989 and did not end until 1991, nearly a year afterbthe libel suit had been filed† (544). This helps further Schlossers claimShow MoreRelatedGlobalization in the Fast Food Industry in Indonesia1515 Words   |  7 PagesFor this essay, I have chosen the fast food industry as the industry I will look at and Indonesia as the country. 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Spoof Ad Free Essays

Tropicana Is an American company which specialises In the production of orange lulce_ This company, owned by PepsiCo, claims that it produces 100% fresh orange juice as it is stated on their orange juice cartons â€Å"100% pure squeezed†. On the contrary, researchers have found that Tropicana’s promise of fresh Juice is not quite true. PepsCo Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Spoof Ad or any similar topic only for you Order Now released a series of posters almlng to convince customers that Tropicana orange Juice is more than just Juice, rather it is an essential for the body because it provides vitamins, fibers, and other nutritional benefits. The Ad, â€Å"It’s More Than Orange Juice† emphasises a more positive reaction towards the brand, when truly the product does not live up to its promise. According to Heml Weingarten, a blogger on Fooducate, Tropicana orange juice is kept in refrigerator vats for more than 6 months before it is distributed to the supermarkets. Hemi also adds that in order to prevent harmful, pathogenic bacteria from forming Tropicana strips the freshly squeezed orange Juice of its flavour and colour, then adds them back through flavour packs when the orange Juice Is ready to be sold (18, 2013). Alissa Hamilton, author of the book â€Å"Squeezed: What You Don’t Know About Orange Juice† noted that: â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice does not possess the same amount of fibers, vitamin C, and other nutritional benefits that oranges provide† which Is considered as a Ile towards the juice being 100% pure and natural (2011). Rationally speaking, every orange fruit on earth has its own taste, some are sweet some are sour. On the other hand, Tropicana’s orange Juice all taste the same which Is impossible unless It Is chemically engineered. Also, Tropicana’s Orange Juice Is ble to last for a month without changing Its flavour which clearly does not happen with truly fresh orange juice. Mike Valente, in his article â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice: Not So Orange! † explains how the Juice is pasteurized and deoxidized, and once that is done the Juice is able to last for a longer period of time (2011). All of the above evidence Is consistent with the fact that Tropicana Is marketing their Orange juice product using lies through their ads trying to convince consumers that their product is â€Å"100% pure and natural† when it is really not. This act of manipulation led the Tropicana company to court. Jonathan Stempel stated that a lawsuit was filed against Tropicana for their fraud (2012). The Natural Society adds: â€Å"Tropicana Brand just settled out of court to the tune of 9$ million† for false advertising (2013). Spoof Ad By Lhkat Tropicana is an American company which specialises in the production of orange juice. This company, owned by PepsiCo, claims that it produces 100% fresh orange juice as it is stated on their orange Juice cartons â€Å"100% pure squeezed†. On the PepsCo Inc. eleased a series of posters aiming to convince customers that Tropicana orange Juice is more than Just Juice, rather it is an essential for the body because it product does not live up to its promise. According to Hemi Weingarten, a blogger on Fooducate, Tropicana orange Juice is kept in refrigerator vats for more than 6 months when the orange Juice is ready to be sold (18, 2013). Alissa Hamilton, author of the nutritiona l benefits that oranges provide† which is considered as a lie towards the s impossible unless it is chemically engineered. Also, Tropicana’s Orange Juice is able to last for a month without changing its flavour which clearly does not happen with truly fresh orange Juice. Mike Valente, in his article â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice: Not All of the above evidence is consistent with the fact that Tropicana is marketing their Orange Juice product using lies through their ads trying to convince consumers that â€Å"Tropicana Brand Just settled out of court to the tune of 9$ million† for false How to cite Spoof Ad, Papers

Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution free essay sample

Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution Ethical decision-making is essential in understanding and demonstrating values in educational institutions. Philosophical, social and moral principles and values accentuate ethical decision-making and shape the foundation for understanding the relationship between an individuals values and decisions made in educational institutions. Administrating what an individual knows is right is not always straightforward, and determining what is right is often difficult (Beckner, 2004). An exact collection of ethical principles and moral concepts in decision-making does not exist. An understanding of ideas, values, or concepts should guide ones decision-making and demonstrate what an individual believes to be the best for students and other stakeholders in an educational institution. Individuals should prepare to utilize logical and applicable methods in decision-making, predominantly in situations where an obvious right-and-wrong answer does not exist (Beckner, 2004). The following treatise will identify, compare, and contrast three approaches to making ethical decisions within an educational institution: consequentialism, mixed-consequentialism, and deontologism. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These three approaches to ethical decision-making, present a method for differentiating between right and wrong actions (Odell, 2001). Consequentialism In consideration of the consequential approach, individuals should do whatever brings about the best results in a situation. This idea relates to common sense in the logic thinking that if individuals know the results of a specific action will be better than the results of another, then the individual should choose the action which will have the best outcome (Uglietta, 2001). In consequentialism theory, an individual ought to maintain the ability to foresee the consequences of an action. To a consequentialist, the decision that generates the most benefit to the most individuals is the decision that is ethically acceptable (Beckner, 2004). One advantage of this ethical approach is that an individual can evaluate comparable results and use a point system to establish which decision is more beneficial to the most individuals (Rainbow, 2002). A weakness of this approach includes the involvement of predicting the future. Some individuals may be able to use life experience to predict results, but there is no certainty to this practice. This in turn, may lead to unexpected results, which may be unethical since the choice may not benefit many individuals. For example, if an individual starts a fire in the fireplace to warm other individuals, and the fire burns down the house because there was creosote buildup that caught on fire, the consequentialist has selected an unethical decision since the decision did not benefit many individuals (Rainbow, 2002). Mixed-Consequentialism In mixed consequential, consequential thinking is mixed with deontology thinking to form a single approach to ethical decisions. Consequently, a decision may be deontological when there is an assumption of justice, and consequentialistic when there is an assumption of utility or good (Nandi, 2006). Individuals should use this approach when there is an assumption of justice and utility of good (Beckner, 2004). Deontologism In consideration of the deontological approach, consequences of actions are not significant when it comes to determining what is right and wrong. In this view, the most important aspect to remember is that consequences do not make a difference when determining if an action or individuals are moral or immoral, the end does not justify the means. A standard of morality determines if an action is right and if individuals are good. Moral standards must always be kept no matter what the consequences (Beckner, 2004). Deontologist individuals unite responsibilities and obligations when evaluating ethical decisions. A deontologist will always keep promises and always follow the law, individuals who follow this approach will produce consistent decisions since they base decisions on set responsibilities (Rainbow, 2002). Deontology contains many positive features, but also contains weaknesses. One weakness of this approach is that there is no justification or logical basis for determining an individuals responsibilities. For example, if an individual decides to always be on time, one does not know why this individual has chosen to make this his or her responsibility. Another fault is that an individuals responsibilities may conflict and individuals are not concerned with the well being of other individuals. For example, for the person whom is running late, speeding to arrive on time will not maintain the law; however, arriving late breaks the individuals responsibility to be on time. Consequently, there are conflicting obligations and there is no clear decision. Deontology does not offer guidance when an individual encounters conflicting responsibilities (Rainbow, 2002). Compare and Contrast Consequetionalists support a common, yet all encompassing, insight: the single rationalization of any moral practice is to make the world a better place. Consequently, an individuals actions or moral standards would be immoral if the concluding effect was to make circumstances worse for all individuals affected by the act or moral standards. In contrast, in the deontology view, morality is not simply a matter of what results from an individuals actions or character (Uglietta, 2001; Elliot, 1993). In an action-based approach to consequential, because an action has no moral value, any activity is capable of becoming moral. In contrast, the deontological approach contends that some actions can have moral value of their own, neglecting to act on the principle present in such actions represents an immorality of some sort. For deontologists, specific actions possess fundamental moral worth. These actions are then worth accomplishing for their own purpose and not for the resulting good or advantage (Elliot, 1993). Consequentialism contends that all individuals long for and seek happiness and all actions are endeavors to attain happiness. In addition, consequentialism recognizes the importance of not following rules without question when they are no longer suitable; deontology does not. Deontology proposes objections to comparing what is with what ought to be as usefulness becomes indistinguishable to integrity and reality becomes confused with importance. The determination of good may turn out to be a matter of opinion or popular consensus (Elliot, 1993). Consequentialism cannot determine one good that is both essential and adequate for human success. Human success is determined by an assortment of goods, and sensible, ethical individuals may differ in their evaluation of which goods are significant (Beckner, 2004). There is no possible way to determine all the consequences of an action beforehand regardless of the relative value of those consequences. In the deontology approach, individuals are objective and their main beliefs are not dependent upon individual explanation for validity. Consequently, the main beliefs are quite simple to comprehend and follow, particularly because the main beliefs develop from human need and right and wrong are not difficult to recognize. Consequestionalists reject rules because consequentialism contends that following rules, when an individual can get better results by breaking them, is irrational. (Uglietta, 2001). Deontology has various strengths, in the most extreme form the contention is that morality has nothing to do with the consequences of decisions. However, mixed consequetionalists consider consequences when judging the rightness or wrongness of a decision (Uglietta, 2001). Deontology and consequentialism do not differ over whether morality rejects a focus on the consequences of actions or not. The two approaches differ over the essence of this focus. Consequentialism, maintains the view that morality is fundamentally about the encouragement of some good, and therefore, always about the consequences of ones actions. Deontology rejects this idea and maintains that some actions can be morally right even though they do not encourage some good (Uglietta, 2001). The fundamentals of consequentialism are therefore, revealed by concentrating on what is involved in the concept of promoting some good. Consequetialism now becomes the observation that all necessary moral decisions are those that encourage some essential moral value. In contrast, deontology becomes the observation that decisions need not endorse an essential moral value (Uglietta, 2001). Another important aspect of deontology and consequentialism to compare is that deontology is agent-relative whereas consequentialism is agent-neutral. An approach that is agent-neutral employs the same set of definitive goals and agent-relative does not (Portmore, 2005). Consequentialism also contends that every act is either acceptable or unacceptable exclusively in virtue of its affirmative or unhelpful inclination to encourage value. The deontology approach refutes this premise. In deontology, some acts are right or wrong, independent of the value of the outcome. Of course, a deontological approach can contend that some acts are acceptable in virtue of their good consequences, like the telling of a harmless lie, but this approach does not contend that all acts are acceptable in virtue of their good or bad consequences. When this occurs, the mixed consequentialism approach is essential. Mixed consequentialism will take the best attributes from both deontology and consequentialism and discard the questionable sections of each approach. This approach agrees with an individuals logical instincts (Portmore, 2005). Consequentialism by itself, is not a complete approach upon which to base ethical decisions that can guide individuals to make decisions that are right and why. However, consequentialism does provide a structure that is recognizable and establishes a set of substantive moral theories. Deontology is deficient in this structure, but recognizes moral reasons that do not rest on the significance of value (McNaughton Rawling, 1998). Conclusion The approaches to ethical thinking emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and guide individuals to the most ethically acceptable decision according to the guidelines within the ethical approach (Rainbow, 2002). Individuals should use deontology for decisions when the situation is clearly right and wrong, and straightforward. One must not ignore justice and individual rights in the interest of legal or organizational interests. Individuals should use consequentialism for decisions when right and wrong are not apparent. Individuals ought to consider the consequences and what decision will generate the most good. Individuals should use mixed consequentialism when there is an assumption of justice and utility of good (Beckner, 2004). Educational leaders must utilize some effective plan to assist in making the best decisions in difficult situations. In addition, educational leaders must and be able to attain an inference about the best way to proceed in these situations. Educational leaders should use personal, professional, and social discretion when encountering situations in educational institutions. This includes recognizing ones substantive responsibility as well as a procedure for managing that responsibility (Starratt, 2004; Mills, 2006). Educational leaders should also recognize ethical and moral dilemmas in a situation and identify his or her responsibilities to the situation. Educators should contemplate their ethical role of establishing and maintaining a learning environment that permits students to develop into productive members of society (Gorman Pauken, 2003).

Expert Interview with Colleen Georges on Resumes and Hiring

Expert Interview with Colleen Georges on Resumes and Hiring Dr. Colleen Georges is a professional psychologist who has focused her career on job seeking and writing the perfect resume. She’s a certified counselor, time management consultant, career coach, leadership expert, and if that weren’t enough, she runs Colleen’s Career Creations, a resume writing and job coaching service. Somehow, she found the time to speak with us about how to write the best possible resume. What are some common problems you see on resumes, and why do you think they persist?The two most prevalent issues I encounter with resumes are lack of a clear job target or career focus and documents that read like job task descriptions, rather than career achievement highlights. Fortunately, I see fewer and fewer resumes that begin with objective statements, which are generally unfocused and do little to separate one candidate’s value from another. However, I still see many resumes with summary of qualifications sections that are too vague or broad, or resumes that have no summary at all.What makes a strong resume?A strong resume needs to effectively brand professionals in their field of practice, and immediately showcase their professional title/job target, years of experience, specific expertise/hard skills and unique value propositions. Often, professionals believe that since this information is spread throughout their resume, there is no need to summarize and present it at the beginning. However, most recruiters and hiring managers today are flooded with hundreds of resumes and lack the time to read through every line of each document to determine which candidates have the requisite skills for the job. Thus, candidates can make recruiters’ and hiring managers’ lives easier by summarizing this information in a strong branding statement right at the beginning of the resume in a 10- to 15-second read.More importantly, job seekers can do themselves a wealth of good by following their branding statement with a sect ion that showcases five to seven of their proudest career achievements. Such a section should highlight accomplishments that demonstrate a broad spectrum of skill sets that are relevant to their target field. This can be done by underscoring the quantitative and qualitative results of their work, such as costs cut, revenue generated, time saved, customer satisfaction increased, errors decreased, manuals written, policies and procedures developed, training instituted and so forth.Even more effective, a career achievements section can outline the story behind the outcomes, in a bite-sized, bulleted Challenge, Actions, Results format. By nature, people learn and understand people best through their unique stories, which is why interviewers often ask candidates to discuss times when they have performed a particular action. Articulating stories, both on a resume and in an interview, demonstrates to an employer that the candidate is purposeful in their actions and both understands and can articulate their process. Furthermore, this section backs up the skills the job seeker presents in their branding statement.Many job seekers do not include career achievement sections because they believe the time to share this information will be during the interview. In this competitive job market, however, without sharing these successes on a resume, an interview may never come. Yet most commonly, the reason for this lack of information on job seekers’ resumes is because from the time we are children, we are taught not to brag about our accomplishments, as others may find us obnoxious. Over the years, this lesson makes it progressively more challenging to acknowledge our accomplishments to ourselves, nonetheless an audience. However, when job seeking, emphasizing our unique talents and successes is critical, and thus we must unlearn the lesson, at least in this arena.What can job boards do to help job seekers write a better resume?A number of job boards are already provid ing resources to job seekers, such as resume critiques and tips. However, a wonderful resource would be to not only suggest providing branding statements and achievement stories, but to offer suggested skills required by various career fields, as well as common deliverables for these fields. For example, an accountant might need skills like variance analysis, bank reconciliation, and audit preparation, and common deliverables may be decreasing risk exposure, diminishing accounting errors and automating processes. Sometimes the hardest part of resume writing is getting started in figuring what skills and accomplishments to highlight. Resources like this may help job seekers brainstorm.What are some red flags we might accidentally put up on a resume or say during an interview?The most common red flags on resumes are generally items that point to age, which can unfortunately lead to age discrimination in some cases. I typically suggest that my clients represent that last 15-20 years of their career and leave off college graduation dates that go further back than 20 years. Furthermore, computer skills that are very dated, like DOS for example, should be left off. I also suggest eliminating AOL email accounts as well, since it is remembered to be a part of the advent of the internet, and the â€Å"dial-up† days. I typically advise clients to get a Gmail account. It is most certainly the â€Å"in† email, forever evolving in its capabilities.In both resumes and interviews, I also advise my clients not to draw attention to job gaps by stating that they were terminated or took a leave due to illness, an accident or a family-related situation. This information can inadvertently lead to fear that such issues may arise again in the future and negatively impact employment if hired.How can employers write job postings to let employees know what they’re looking for? Is it just some requirements, or can they convey a culture in a posting?I am always of th e belief that with job postings, the more detail, the better. With detail, the employer is less likely to attract candidates who lack the requisite experience and skills. As a resume writer, I love job postings that break tasks into umbrella categories and provide the specific accountability within them. This enables me to pull out the candidate’s relevant skills and accomplishments and match them to the posting. When utilized by employers, applicant tracking systems are scanning for this type of skill match, so it works to both the employer’s and candidate’s advantage for employers to offer detailed job descriptions in postings.Conveying corporate culture would be a fantastic advantage to both employer and candidate. Employers can weed out receiving resumes from candidates who may not be a great fit, and candidates can avoid wasting energy applying for a job that will not suit their work style and values.What do you wish everyone, from recruiters to job seekers , knew about resumes?This is a great question, and not an easy one to answer. I would say that I wish recruiters, employers and job seekers recognized that a resume is meant to be a job seeker’s marketing document. Like any marketing collateral, it should showcase the best of who the candidate is. Sometimes, recruiters and employers get frustrated because they later learn that a candidate left off a short-term job, for example. Similarly, candidates occasionally fear leaving off a short-term position because their omission may be â€Å"caught.† There is a staunch difference between omitting a career blip and, say, creating a position you never had on your resume. Candidates should never lie on a resume – this is a matter of ethics and integrity. Marketing documents are created to describe a product’s attributes. No product or person is perfect, but all have their own uniquely fantastic qualities. With this said, the resume is the prelude to the interview. The interview is where candidate and employer see if those unique attributes and the company’s position, team and culture collectively create the right synergy.How will technology change the resume? Will we see more links? Videos? Gimmicks?Technology is absolutely changing resumes in a wonderful way. We can now make our resumes come alive by linking them to our online articles, interviews, features, video presentations, documents, artistic endeavors or similar media. We can also create web resumes and create social media profiles that give recruiters and employers a wider window into who we are, not just what we have done. We can now show employers, in action, what we bring to the table.Yet technology has indeed amplified the pressure for job seekers. I now tell my job-seeking clients that they must be on LinkedIn. It’s not a luxury anymore – for recruiters and hiring managers in most industries, it’s seen as a necessity. Those who are not on LinkedIn ca n be viewed as lacking social media savvy, which is a career no-no. But it’s not just about being on LinkedIn, it’s about using all its resources. Recruiters and hiring managers can gather additional information about candidates from LinkedIn through recommendations and group membership and activity. I do a lot of one-on-one client coaching and group workshops on optimally leveraging LinkedIn and other social media like Twitter and Facebook. Some of this coaching involves what to post and what not to post, how to set privacy settings and simply how to use all the features of the various social media to the job seeker’s advantage.

Chemicals That Should Never Be Mixed

Chemicals That Should Never Be Mixed Some chemicals shouldnt be mixed together. In fact, these chemicals shouldnt even be stored near each other on the chance that an accident could occur and the chemicals could react. Be sure to keep incompatibilities in mind when reusing containers to store other chemicals. Here are some examples of mixtures to avoid: Acids with cyanide salts or cyanide solution. Generates highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.Acids with sulfide salts or sulfide solutions. Generates highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.Acids with bleach. Generates highly toxic chlorine gas. An example of this would be mixing bleach and vinegar.Ammonia with bleach. Releases toxic chloramine vapors.Oxidizing acids (e.g., nitric acid, perchloric acid) with combustible materials (e.g., paper, alcohols, other common solvents). May result in a fire.​Solid oxidizers (e.g., permanganates, iodates, nitrates) with combustible materials (e.g., paper, alcohols, other common solvents). May result in a fire.Hydrides (e.g., sodium hydride) with water. May form flammable hydrogen gas.Phosphides (e.g., sodium phosphide) with water. May form highly toxic phosphine gas.Silver salts with ammonia in the presence of a strong base. May generate an explosively unstable solid.Alkali metals (e.g., sodium, potassium) with water. May form flammable hydrogen gas.Oxidizing agents (e.g., nitric acid) with reducing agents (e.g., hydrazine). May cause fires or explosions. Unsaturated compounds (e.g., substances containing carbonyls or double bonds) in the presence of acids or bases. May polymerize violently.Hydrogen peroxide/acetone mixtures when heated in the presence of an acid. May cause explosions.Hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid mixtures. May explode upon heating.Hydrogen peroxide/sulfuric acid mixtures. May spontaneously detonate. General Advice About Mixing Chemicals While it may seem like chemistry is a good science to learn through experimentation, its never a good idea to randomly mix together chemicals to see what youll get. Household chemicals arent any safer than lab chemicals. In particular, you should use care when dealing with cleaners and disinfectants, since these are common products that react with each other to yield nasty results. Its a good rule of thumb to avoid mixing bleach or peroxide with any other chemical, unless youre following a documented procedure, are wearing protective gear, and are working under a fume hood or outdoors. Note that many chemical mixtures produce toxic or flammable gases. Even in the home, its important to have a fire extinguisher handy and work with ventilation. Use caution performing any chemical reaction near an open flame or heat source. In the lab, avoid mixing chemicals near burners. At home, avoid mixing chemicals near burners, heaters, and open flames. This includes pilot lights for ovens, fireplaces, and water heaters. While its common to label chemicals and store them separately in a lab, its also good practice to do this in a home. For example, dont store muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) with peroxide. Avoid storing household bleach together with peroxide and acetone.

Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Inventory Management - Essay Example This type of inventory management also enables Toyota to quickly adapt to the demand conditions and prevent wastage of expensive inventory (Monden, 2011). Samsung Electronics is one of the largest consumer electronics manufacturing companies. Samsung follows the Short Cycle Time and Low Inventory in Manufacturing (SLIM) type of inventory management system. It is the largest company, which manufactures digital integrated circuits. The company with the support of Leachman’s consultants had developed the SLIM inventory management technique whereby optimal use of resources gets facilitated. The SLIM inventory system has helped Samsung to calculate cycle times required in individual manufacturing stages and the time required in work in process stage. SLIM inventory systems also allow implementing heuristic algorithms at the factory floor (Leachman, Kang & Lin, 2002). Toyota’s integrated production design system begins with designing the flow of inventory, framing support measures, reducing lot sizes and determining set up time. The next stage in the process is to set up total quality control measures for detecting errors and faults in the production system. The third stage is to prepare the capacity schedule, which involves analyzing the amount of work that can be taken up by individual departments at a time. The integration of goods and services design of Toyota also includes implementing the Kanban system whereby lot sizes are reduced and controlled on the basis of demand pull. Toyota also works with suppliers and vendors for estimating the real time required for goods delivery and communicating the quality related expectations (Berry, Whybark & Jacobs, 2005). The integration process of Samsung’s production system mainly concentrates upon efficient management of targeted cycle times. In order to manage targeted cycle times, it becomes essential to allocate buffer

Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act Term Paper - 2

Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act - Term Paper Example In this regard, this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Fair Tax Act proposed in the U.S. To start with, the Fair Tax Act would result into several advantages to the citizens by using fair tax system. Firstly, the fair tax system is simple when compared to the existing system of taxation. One of the major aims of tax reforms is to simplify the taxation codes in order to save tax payers energy in terms of time and resources required to comply with tax returns (Garner, 2005). The existing federal taxation system is complex because of the many types of returns expected to be complied with making tax payers and even the government to incur extra expenses to acquire resources, such as documentations, that can help in compliance. In addition, different organizations have to higher financial experts to guide them in compliance to the federal tax code. Therefore, using a fair tax system would result into minimal usage of resources to comply with the taxation system hence saving the tax payers the additional costs associated with the existing tax code (Garner, 2005). Implementation of the Fair Tax Act would result into increased development in economic terms. According to Jokisch and Kotlikoff, implementation of the fair tax system would removes payroll taxes that reduce significant portions of generated income (2007). This makes sense because the fair tax plan taxes expenditure as opposed to the income thereby motivating people to work harder in order to generate more income for their personal development. In addition, the fact that the fair tax plan taxes consumption and not income encourages citizens to reduce their expenditure and increase on their savings something that indirectly stimulates economic growth. Lastly, the implementation of Fair Tax Act would result into ‘fairness’ in taxation of people or

Where the Boys Arent Essay -- Education

Education in the United States was largely of the single-sex (SS) variety until the mid 1800s; that single sex was male. Gradually, coeducational schools became the rule and the passage of Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 was a concrete step toward insuring that gender equality would be the norm in all government-supported schools (Anfara & Mertens, 2008; Halpern et al., 2011; Johnson, 2004). A major change took place in 2001 when Congress passed the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLBA). An amendment to the act authorized school to use federal money to create innovative programs including SS classes (Dee, 2006; Johnson, 2004). The amendment was co-sponsored or supported by five female senators, namely, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Susan Collins, Barbara Mikulski (Johnson, 2004), and Diane Feinstein (Meyer, 2008) and approved unanimously by the Senate (Johnson, 2004). A reinterpretation of Title IX was issued in 2006 promulgating a set of federal guidelines under which SS classes would be legally permitted (Anfara & Mertens, 2008; Halpern et al., 2011; Johnson, 2004; Novotney, 2011; Rex & Chadwell, 2009). The following were required: (a) be based on attaining a stated educational goal or providing diversity, (b) be wholly voluntary, (c) be implemented even handedly, (d) be substantially equal for both sexes, and (e) be reviewed at least biennially (Johnson, 2004; Rex & Chadwell, 2009). Since these changes have been implemented there has been a veritable explosion of new SS classes implemented. As of the 2007-2008 school year, 97 SS public schools and 295 SS classes have been started (Billger, 2009). In South Carolina alone, the number of schools offering SS classes jumped from 30 in 200... ... K., & Smith, M. (2005). Single-sex versus coeducational schooling: A Systematic Review (2005-01). Retrieved from U. S. Department of Education: http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/opepd/reports.html Meyer, P. (2008). Learning separately: The case for single-sex schools. Education Next, 8(1), 11-21. Retrieved from www.educationnext.org/learning-separately/ Novotney, A. (2011). Coed versus single-sex ed. Monitor on Psychology, 42(2). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/02/coed.aspx Rex, J., & Chadwell, D. (2009). Single-gender classrooms. The School Administrator, 66(8), 28-33. Retrieved from http://www.aasa.org Wolfgang, B. (2011, September 2). Boys in one class, girls in another at more schools;Single-sex option grows, but some still skeptical. The Washington Times , p. 7. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/

Life, the Better Teacher Essay

â€Å"In school, you’re taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, you’re given a testthat teaches you a lesson. † – Tom Bodett. Learning is the activity that all of us have to do during our life. We have been learning since the moment we are born and we will not stop until the moment we die, this is the only way for us to survive and live normally in this world. Many people attend schools to gain knowledge, amd others gain their knowledge from their experience in life, both ways provide us with much valuable knowledge. However, in my opinion, I think that experience is the more important source of knowledge. It is a known fact that we learn all the time we breathe, a baby when given birth learns to cry and to find milk; then some months or years later, he learns how to crawl, walk, and run after many years of learning basic surviving forever. But academic knowledge is not all, and it is often said that not everything that is learned is contained in books. A book can give you moments of relaxation and famous sayings but it cannot provide you the deep understanding of life. And passing an examination can’t make you be ready to encounter difficulties of the real life. Qualifications are record of what you have learned, but they are not relevant to what you need to know to live normally in this world. Knowledge gained from books cannot be compared with that gained from experience. I say that because books provide us with many theories, but they cannot give us opportunities to practice those things. People say that â€Å"Practice makes perfect†, indeed, only by practicing can you deeply understand what are mentioned in books, we can see what we read with our own eyes, this can excite us and make us more engaged in the knowledge that we have read. Both books and experiences provide us with knowledge, but the ways we approach the knowledge are different and what we get are different, too. Books contain knowledge which is arranged and selected carefully from what authors think about real life. So they are easy to follow and understood. When reading books, readers only need to understand what is demonstrated on papers. In contrast, when actually practice in your real life, you need to observe, think and brainstorm very much to get the ideal information. Even when you can carry out the process of practicing smoothly, you may still draw a wrong conclusion, and no one can tell you about that, all you can do is compare your result with the real life so that you can realize the mistake. The risk of getting wrong conception is apparent, which makes practicing for experiences the most interesting yet difficult way to get knowledge. Everyone can have books, books are everywhere. You can buy books in bookstores without difficulties, just select and pay for them. Also, you can learn from books, and what you learn from the source can be gained from other people such as your teachers, your parents, your friends or even strange people. Because knowledge from books is gained from what people see and hear from the real life, anyway, it is motionless knowledge and you get it in a passive way. In contrast, the knowledge from experience requires you to go much, practice much and think much, such effort creates real knowledge, and you can gain it actively. Experience cannot be bought, you need to think about it, practice and produce it yourself. If experience is seen as a purchasable item, then the money used to buy it is not made from paper, but time and effort. The knowledge from books and that from experience are gained at different measures of difficulty, but what you gained from books is nothing compared to those from experiences. However, knowledge from experience and knowledge from books have a relationship and they support each other. Actually, books are attached to experience, they cannot be created or even thought of without experience. When you practice something, you get experience, but to know whether your experience is correct or not, besides verifying it through real life, you may also look for it in books and compare between your conclusion and theories in books. This way, you can use old and certain knowledge to confirm the new and uncertain one.

Differing Theoretical Approaches Used by Mental Health Practitioners - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2942 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The aim of this essay is to explore and explain how differing theoretical approaches used by mental health practitioners can affect the way care is provided. This will be achieved through examining the influences of each model and their effects upon the practice of mental health care. Some historical information will be provided to give explanation of the background into the evolution of social and moral perspectives that have shaped mental health care practice throughout the ages. There are 3 principle theoretical approaches used in practice today those being the biological, psychological and social models. People who exhibited behaviour that deviated from what society considered the norm would be considered to have an evil mind. Treatment during these times would be conducted in the forms of spiritualistic ceremonies and crude forms of brain surgery, (trepanning) done by the shaman. The motive for this practice would be to allow evil spirits to be released. It has been suggested that stone-age cave dwellers may have treated behaviour disorders with this treatment of trepanation. Sue et al, 1990). It appears inevitable that they explained mental illness through a non-scientific cause, because they had not developed scientific techniques to provide a materialistic cause. The supernatural concept of mental illness still existed throughout ancient times with many civilisations such as the Egyptians, Greeks and the Roman Empire believing the cause to be one of a s upernatural reason. It was with the ancient Egyptians came the first signs of changes to the treatment of the mentally ill. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Differing Theoretical Approaches Used by Mental Health Practitioners" essay for you Create order Egyptians like the early Stone Age societies mainly regarded mental illness as magical or religious in nature; however their society which was obsessed with life after death meant that the health of the mind or soul played an essential part in ones overall health. There is evidence to suggest that an ancient temple near Saqqara was being used as a rudimentary hospital for the treatment of the mentally ill which could mean that Egyptian society with its fixation on the health of the soul has the first recorded evidence of a mental healthcare system for their society. (Flanigan, 2003) According to Davison Neale, the Greek philosophy of mental illness was a doctrine of demonology that an evil being, such as the devil dwells within an individual and controls their mind and body. However in contrast to this Hippocrates (460-355bc) believed in a biological cause of mental illness. His belief about the treatment of mental illness extended to a kind of brain pathology that was to be treated with proper diet, drink and abstinence from sexual activity (Davison Neale, 1997). The Greek concept of mental illness was well spread through to the Roman Empire. Platos (428-348 B. C. ) regarded mind as a cause of madness. He believed that the cause of mental illness is a persons ignorance of a psyche; the force that kept the human being alive; which leads to the self-deception (Mora, 1985). It was at that point that a psychological viewpoint of mental illness was also presented. During this era many thought that both mind and body was a cause of mental illness but, unfortunately both approaches could not be synchronised, so the mind and body position went separately through this period. During the middle ages the Hippocratic viewpoint of mental illness was gaining prominence with many doctors believing the causes of mental illness to have a biological basis. Constantinus Africanus (1020-1087) founder of the first medical school founded in Salerno, claimed melancholia was a result of an excess of bile causing an imbalance to the system of the body. (Mora, 1985) Later during the renaissance period (15th-16th century) there had been a period of witch-mania, which led to Pope Innocent the 8th sending monks to be the inquisitors of witches. From this the Malleus Maleficarun (1486) â€Å"the witchs hammer was published serving as the instruction manual for the inquisitors (Romm Friedman, 1994). During this time the mentally ill were among those persecuted and witchcraft or possession was declared as the cause of their illness. This witchcraft hysteria pushed the biological theories on mental illness backwards as those who favoured applying a biological theory to the illness feared the punishment of the inquisition. It wasnt until the 18th century that a major shift from the supernatural explanation to clinical explanation of mental illness happened. This was through a complete rejection of witchcraft and various other scientific accomplishments in other areas. Legislation was created by the government to â€Å"deal† with what they considered as undesirables leading to the birth of mad houses for the purpose of detaining individuals. Acts such as The Vagrancy Act (1744) and the Mad Houses Act (1744) were created during this time. From these newly formed acts care for the mentally ill was based upon institutionalised care which saw the building of large asylums used to house the mentally ill using the medical model of treatment. The medical model is based on a biological theory with the aim to find medical treatments for diagnosed symptoms; this model treats the body as a very complex mechanism as it attempted to offer physical pathological explanations to mental illness. Mental illness was regarded as being ill and requiring medical treatment and intervention. According to Davison Neale, an important contribution to the biological aetiology was Louis Pasteur’s establishment of the germ theory of disease, which claims that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms. This theory provides an excellent basis to develop the aetiology of specific mental disorders due to viral diseases. The changes in physical pathology are believed to result in symptomatic changes of mood, behaviour, perception and thoughts that characterise the medical diagnosis of mental illnesses. The field of Psychiatry uses the tool of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses. It lists over 200 mental health conditions and the criteria required for each one in making the diagnosis Treatments for mental illness through the medical model are based upon reliving of symptoms through medical interventions and providing a cure. These medical interventions would be delivered in medical settings such as hospitals and involve treatments such as: E. C. T. and medication. These treatments are aimed to cure the symptoms and behaviour associated with mental illness. The medication aims to combat the chemical imbalance that the medical model has attributed to the cause of most mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is one of the most commonly diagnosed severe mental illnesses with the most widely used form of treatment is the use of anti-psychotic medication. Anti-psychotic drugs are believed to work by changing the activity of chemicals that transmit messages in the brain. The chemical they work on is dopamine. All antipsychotic drugs can cause side effects but these can be different for each patient. The medical model tends to define recovery in negative terms; symptoms and complaints need to be eliminated, illnesses need to be cured or removed. Patients need to be relieved of their conditions and returned to their pre morbid, healthy, or more accurately not-ill state (Pratt, 2007) The Mental Health Act (1983) defines individuals suffering with mental illness as patients. The Act deals with people who have a mental disorder; it contains the effect of detention and covers the interests of a persons health and safety. This act supports the medical model by determining that treatment is needed for the persons disorder implying the same basic philosophy of the medical model of diagnosis, treatment, and cure. The social model examines our relationship and the environment. It was developed in response to the medical model and the impact it had on individual’s life. The social model provides a different perspective, it does not concern with how bad a person’s illness is. It establishes that society erects barriers that prevent people, in turn restricting their opportunities. The philosophy of the social model is to rid society of these barriers, rather than relying on curing the person. The social models primary focus is being on family and group relationships. It considers the social class, risk, vulnerability increase. Early life experiences, peer group, education and sexual experiences are also considered important. The social model of care aims to give other reasons for mental illness, in that it is not just biological. It gives explanation through the environmental factors of life. The social model philosophy is that illness is caused by the society in which we live and is not the fault of an individual person, or an inevitable consequence of their limitations. Recovery is a life orientation that highlights the potential of people with severe mental illness to seek increasingly productive and meaningful lives through activities of their own choosing The Psychological model is based upon the academic field of psychology. It attempts to explain mental illness through study of the human mind and behaviour. Psychology applies knowledge from the field of study to aspects of human activity, including the problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychologys primary concern is the interaction of mental processes and behaviour and not simply the biological of neutral processes themselves. In 1879 Wilhelm founded a laboratory at the Leipzig University in Germany specifically to focus on the study of psychology. William James later published his 1890 book, Principles of Psychology which laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. The psychological model of care is split into three areas of theory. * Behavioural: inappropriate behaviour learned from negative life experiences, Behavioural Therapies/approaches focus on the need to re-learn more adaptive and appropriate patterns. * Cognitive: perception and interpretation of the world. * Psychoanalytical: Fixation at one of life’s earlier stages. Behaviourism is the psychological theory of the study of behaviour. It rejects the idea that internal mental states such as beliefs, desires, or goals can be studied scientifically. Behaviourism was the dominant model in psychology for much of the 20th century, largely because of the creation and successful application of conditioning theories as scientific models of behaviour. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behaviour. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas. Cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology. Psychoanalytical Sigmund Freud, who was trained as a neurologist and had no formal training in experimental psychology, had invented and applied a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freuds understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods and introspection, but was particularly focused on resolving mental distress and psychopathology. Freuds theories became very well-known, probably because they tackled subjects such as sexuality and repression as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Although Freuds theories are of virtually no interest today in psychology departments, his application of psychology to clinical work has been very influential. Jarvis, 2000) Psychotherapy treatments involve a range of techniques which use dialogue and communication and are intended to improve the mental health of the individual. Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation; though some also use various other forms of communication such as writing, art work or touch. More often than not psychotherapy involves a t herapist and client on a one to one basis or as group. The therapy addresses specific forms of diagnosable mental illness, or everyday problems in meeting personal goals. Treatment of more everyday problems is referred to as counselling but the term is used interchangeably with psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic interventions are often designed to treat the client in the medical model, although not all psychotherapeutic approaches follow the model of illness/cure. Some practitioners, such as humanistic schools, see themselves in an educational or helper role. Mental health care practice has now evolved into a mixture of the three models of care and is referred to as the bio psychosocial approach. The bio psychosocial approaches to treatment are broadly speaking holistic. Biological psychological and social factors are all incorporated into individual patient assessment. The bio psychosocial model of medicine is a way of looking at the mind and body of a patient as two important systems that are interlinked. The bio psychosocial model is also a technical term for the popular concept of the mind-body connection. This is in contrast to the traditional biomedical model of medicine. The bio psychosocial model draws a distinction between the actual pathological processes that cause disease, and the patients perception of their health and the effects on it, called the illness. As well as a separate existence of disease and illness, the bio psychosocial model states that the workings of the body can affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body. (Gilbert. P, 2002) stated that: At its best the bio psychosocial approach is holistic but is also more than that. The bio psychosocial approach addresses the complexity of interactions between different domains of functioning and argues that it is the interaction of domains that illuminate important processes. Gilbert, P (2002). Government policies and guidelines dictating the standards of care for the mentally ill now give consideration to the bio psychosocial approach to care. The National Service Framework for mental health was launched in 1999 and sets out how mental health services will be planned, delivered and monitored. The NSF lists seven standards that set targets for the mental health care of adults aged up to 65. These standards span five areas: health promotion and stigma, primary care and access to specialist services, needs of those with severe and enduring mental illness, carers needs, and suicide reduction are also considered. A primary concern of anti-psychiatry is that an individuals degree of adherence to communally, or majority, held values may be used to determine that persons level of mental health. Other organisations such as Mind Freedom International and World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry maintain that psychiatrists exaggerate the evidence of medication and minimize the evidence of adverse drug reaction. An article published through the anti-psychiatry movement stated that: Psychiatry should be abolished as a medical speciality because medical school education is not needed nor even helpful for doing counselling or so-called psychotherapy, because the perception of mental illness as a biological entity is mistaken, because psychiatrys treatments other than counselling or psychotherapy (primarily drugs and electroshock) hurt rather than help people, because non-psychiatric physicians are better able than psychiatrists to treat real brain disease, and because non-psychiatric physicia ns acceptance of psychiatry as a medical specialty is a poor reflection on the medical profession as a whole (Stevens. L, 2006). The medical profession does not have a precise understanding of why some individuals develop a psychiatric disorder and some do not. Some have developed a general theory to explain the causes of these disorders and their course over time called the stress vulnerability model. This theory was originally introduced as a means to explain some of the underlying causes of schizophrenia by Zubin ; Spring, (1977). Therefore Psychiatric disorders have a biological basis, but environmental factors can influence their course over time. The stress-vulnerability model points out that a positive outcome of a psychiatric disorder is more likely if environmental stress is minimized or managed well, medication is taken as prescribed, and alcohol and drug abuse are avoided. Conclusion Through the evolution of mental health care it has been made clear that the three separate models of medical, social and psychological approaches of care are not each in their own right complimentary to the holistic needs of individuals suffering with diagnoses of mental illness. Pressure from such groups as the Anti- Psychiatry movement is helping to change attitudes and perceptions about mental health. Critics of psychiatry generally do not dispute the notion that some people have emotional or psychological problems, or that some psychotherapies do not work for a problem. They do usually disagree with psychiatry on the source of these problems; the appropriateness of characterising these problems as illness and on what the proper management options are. Mental health care is delivered with assessments and needs of the individual being assessed through a collaborative approach of Effective Care Co-ordination. ECC assesses individual’s needs through the bio psychosocial philosophy i. e. : medical assessment, social needs and or psychological interventions. All mental health service users have a range of needs which no one treatment service or agency can meet alone; this system of ECC allows a service user access to the most relevant response. Hopefully providing the individual the necessary tenets of care they require. References: Davison, G. C. Neale, J. M. (1997) Abnormal psychology (7th Ed. ). New York, John Wiley ;Sons Inc. Department of Health. (1999) National Service Framework, Mental Health. The Stationary Office Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association. Gilbert, P. (2002) Clinical Psychology. Understanding the bio psychosocial approach: Conceptualisation. Kingsway Hospital, Derby. Flanagan, C. (2003) Psychology for AS: AQA Specification: The Complete Companion, Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ltd | | | | | | | | | Bottom of Form Mora,G. (1985) History of Psychiatry. Baltimore, M. D. : Williams ; Wilkins. Mental Health Act 1983. [Online] Available: https://www. dh. gov. k/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005756 [Accessed 3rd February 2010] Stevens, L. Why psychiatry should be abolished as a medical speciality. [Online] Available: https://antipsychiatry. org/abolish. htm. [Accessed 23rd February 2010] Sue, D et al. 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