Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society Free Essays

The idea of human rights can be followed similarly as back as the hypotheses of Natural Law which proposed the presence of all inclusive good measures, and Charter rights, for example, the Magna Carta. [1] However, they started to ascend in significance after the repulsions of the Second World War and afterward towards the finish of the Cold War, which gave us many center human rights settlements, for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). 2] Solidarists would guarantee this expanding quest for human rights fortifies the structure of worldwide society in light of the fact that as the major individuals from the universal network, the privileges of people should take need over the privileges of states, and this ought to be the fundamental motivation behind the United Nations. We will compose a custom exposition test on Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society? or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now [3] However, regardless of whether the privileges of people ought to be organized, it is essential to save Westphalian standards to keep up global request. This article will utilize a pragmatist focal point to contend that people are best served by ensuring the privileges of states, and in this way the honesty of the state ought to consistently be kept up. It will show how this prioritization of national interests has implied that in reality the quest for human rights has neither fortified nor debilitated the structure of universal society, yet rather has been utilized as an instrument by states to save the norm and keep up their situation as the most remarkable on-screen characters in worldwide relations. It is conceivable to contend that partially the quest for human rights fortifies the structure of worldwide society, if the structure of global society is interpreted as meaning people and the manners by which they connect. Solidarists would contend that people and not states are a definitive individuals from worldwide society and as such their privileges should outweigh standards of statehood like sway and non-intercession. 4] Respecting human rights empowers individuals to have individual security and opportunity from savagery, just as unreservedly seek after their social objectives, in this way protecting request and fortifying worldwide society. [5] Since the finish of the Cold War numerous human rights settlements have been sanctioned and these are significant on the grounds that they furnish non-state on-screen characters and people with something to which they can consider states responsible despite human rights manhandles. 6] These bargains have likewise been significant in m aking a ‘human rights culture’, which is noteworthy in light of the fact that it implies that states are more compelled by their residents to save and effectively advance the protection of human rights. [7] This was seen in the United States of America (USA) where residential weight prompted the choice to intercede in Somalia. [8] This serves to reinforce universal society since it enables people to impact global communications. Moreover, solidarists would guarantee that the quest for human rights represents a hidden general ethical quality. [9] The acknowledgment of this all inclusive profound quality would assist with adjusting the conduct and cooperations of people over the world, henceforth reinforcing global society itself. In any case, regardless of whether people are taken to be a definitive individuals from universal society, it is states that structure the structure of it since they are the methods by which worldwide relations happen. Hedley Bull contends that global society would be ideally serviced by maintaining Westphalian standards on the grounds that these assistance safeguard request, as the standards of sway and non-intercession keep states from continually attacking one another and destabilizing universal society. [10] As people have decided to politically arrange themselves into states, the assurance of the state ought to be fundamental as the state is the referee of rights just as the protection against outside bellicosity, empowering the conservation of opportunity from brutality and government managed savings. Along these lines, Westphalian standards are urgent to the structure of universal society since they guarantee the trustworthiness of the state and consequently the security of the person. Starting here of view doubtlessly the quest for human rights really debilitates the structure of global society. In principle, significant parts of the human rights system like compassionate intercessions and the International Criminal Court (ICC) undermine the respectability of states since they bargain Westphalian standards. One reason the USA doesn't bolster the ICC is that it might have general locale without requiring state assent. [11] Human rights arrangements force upon states outside norms of equity which accept a universalism to the ethical quality of human rights which can't be demonstrated to exist, in this way trading off their opportunity of activity. [12] However, in spite of the fact that the standard of seeking after human rights debilitates the structure of global society, by and by it really does almost no to influence the state of affairs. States keep on being the most impressive on-screen characters in worldwide relations and all in all the human rights system has done little to disintegrate their Westphalian rights. States consistently act as per their own national advantages, and force governmental issues are a solid inspiring element in interstate relations. [13] This prompts the extending of the ‘compliance gap’, where states possibly agree to human rights settlements when there is no explanation behind resistance; anyway when human rights conflict with national security, the interests of the state are constantly organized. 14] States can even utilize human rights bargains as a shield against universal weight, in light of the fact that once a legislature approves a human rights arrangement there is little else remote entertainers can do, shy of equipped intercession. Basically, this permits states to ‘hide local human rights rehearses behind the cloak of universal law’. [15] Additionally, a large portion of the center human rights arrangements like the ICCPR were drafted and confirmed during the Cold War. 16] Many states utilized endorsement to increase political authenticity yet didn’t need to really follow them, for example, the Helsinki Accords which the Soviet Union marked so as to increase political equality with the USA, yet never proposed to execute. [17] This shows the primary motivation behind why the quest for human rights doesn't influence the structure of worldwide society †that there are no strong components for the authorization of global law and consequently no technique for battling exemption. 18] Although they can utilize monetary and political weight, the main genuine way that states can compel a reluctant state into consistence is through helpful intercessions. Philanthropic mediations have additionally done little in actuality to change the structure of global society as states don't for the most part take part in them, and when they do they are censured by the worldwide network. [19] When states intercede for philanthropic causes they despite everything legitimize the utilization of power as far as self-preservation, as observed with the Vietnamese mediation in Cambodia, and Tanzania in Uganda. 20] Even when philanthropy is expressed as the essential avocation, similarly as with the NATO intercession in Kosovo, nati onal interests consistently impact the states’ activities. NATO accepted in the event that it didn't act, at that point any future dangers of military power would seem excess, in this manner felt constrained to intercede in Kosovo. [21] This shows the fundamental inspiration was not the situation of the Kosovar individuals, rather the assurance of solidness in Europe and the upkeep of NATO believability. The main situation where an intercession would have really been helpful was the emergency in Rwanda, where the absence of a danger to national security debilitated a mediation, driving the West to swear by the Westphalian standards as a reason not to consume assets. The entirety of this shows the quest for human rights through compassionate mediations has not influenced the structure of universal society since states use it to spread their national advantages and disregard it when it doesn't profit them, accordingly protecting business as usual. Along these all in all, while solidarists could contend that the quest for human rights reinforces the structure of global society by enabling people to seek after an actual existence liberated from viciousness, as a general rule the human rights system has done little to influence the state of affairs of worldwide relations. States remain the most remarkable entertainers and don't permit human rights to meddle with their national advantages, following bargains just when rebelliousness isn't fundamental. 22] There has been no disintegration of the sway of states in light of the fact that globally there are no instruments for law implementation, thus states have opportunity to act as per their national advantages. [23] Even philanthropic intercessions don't influence the present territory of Westphalian rights since they are uncommon, and when they are completed it is consistently on the grounds that it is in light of a legitimate concern for the interceding state to do as such. In this manner the respectability of states is kept up in light of the fact that their sway and right to non-mediation is saved, permitting them to stay predominant in global relations and subsequently showing that the quest for human rights doesn't debilitate or reinforce the structure of universal society, rather just engenders the norm. The most effective method to refer to Does the Pursuit of Human Rights Strengthen or Weaken the Structure of International Society?, Papers

Economies of Scale Essay -- Economics Economy Essays

Economies of Scale Financial matters Test 1. Characterize and clarify every single Internal Economy of Scale:  · Internal Economies of Scale:Are decreases in since quite a while ago run normal expense as the size and yield of a firm increments. At the end of the day, they are focal points that enormous firms have in light of the fact that they are huge. As they develop bigger over the long haul they figure out how to raise their yield quicker than the ascent in their all out expenses. The outcome is lower since quite a while ago run normal cost. - Marketing economies-Both in purchasing materials and selling its completed products an enormous firm is n a superior situation than a littler one. In purchasing the items it needs, the huge firm regularly pays less for crude materials, apparatus, etc on the grounds that providers are certain they are going to get huge requests and would prefer not to lose a major client. For example A maker of shoelaces will sell its items for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1 per bundle to Nike since it has a request for 1000 bundles for every week. Be that as it may, for Adidas it will sell them à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤2 on the grounds that it has just a request for 100 parcels for each week. So Nike has a lower cost for each parcel contrast with Adidas. In selling its items, Nike can bear to pay for costly and expertly made commercials or utilize authority sales reps much simpler than Adidas. The huge all out expense of publicizing can be spread over an enormous yield that is sold. Consequently, the normal expense of promoting will be low. - Financial economies-If Nike will get cash since it is a notable firm, it is viewed as progressively solid, and less dangerous is simpler to obtain than Adidas. So Nike can obtain a lot of cash with a lower loan cost contrasted with Adidas. For example On the off chance that Nike obtains à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1, 000000 it will pay a 8% loan cost while if Adidas obtains à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¤1,000 it wil... ...At OQ the firm is getting a charge out of Internal Economies of Scale and its normal expense falls. Past this point, further development would make the firm less proficient. Rather than delivering with a low normal cost, extra creation would cause the normal expense of every unit of yield to rise. 8. For what reason do little firms despite everything exist? - New firms - Firms don't begin huge. As such. Numerous organizations are little since they are new. Those that will be fruitful are normal to turn out to be huge throughout the years. - Desire to stay in charge Sometimes proprietors of little firms may not need the firm to become excessively huge on the off chance that they lose individual control. - Lack of Finance-Small firms think that its hard to grow on the grounds that they can't raise account. Enormous organizations have colossal held benefits and furthermore can offer offers to the overall population. Little firms can neither of these.

How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout

How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Relieve Stress and Avoid Burnout By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 27, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living How to relieve stress? Try a combination approach. mediaphotos/Getty Images If youre looking for less stress and more peace in your life, youre not alone; many, many people are feeling overwhelmed and wondering how to relieve stress. The key to a successful stress management plan is to have several techniques that can help you manage stress on many levels. The following tips can show you how to relieve stress in several different ways; explore one type of stress relief, put it into practice in your life, and move on to another, or use a combination of approaches beginning today. Whatever you chose, you cant go wrong here. Lets get started! Relax Your Body When you experience a stressor or a perceived threat to your wellbeing, your body is designed to spring into action with the stress response, which involves several physiological changes in your body that can prepare you to either fight or run. The problem is that many people experience stressors all day, and their bodies never quite get back to a non-stressed state, a situation known as chronic stress. Learn to relax to your pre-stress state, and save yourself. How to relieve stress? Try techniques like breathing exercises and other quick stress relievers, and feel better fast! Change Your Thinking One tip on how to relieve stress involves stopping your stress response before its triggered. This can be done because the stress response is triggered when you face real or perceived threat--its the perception of threat that stresses you, not the actual situation you face. If you can change how you think about what you face, you can often avoid the experience of stress altogether. Cultivating an optimistic explanatory style, using reframing techniques, minimizing cognitive distortions, and viewing your stressors as a challenge can all help you accomplish this. Cut Out Stressors Where You Can Another way to stop stress before it affects you is to eliminate situations in your life that feel stressful to you. That means cutting out toxic relationships if you find yourself routinely drained by difficult people. You may also want to focus on culling clutter if you find yourself losing things a lot or feeling stressed in your home. Creating a time management plan if youre too busy, learning to manage job stress if youre flirting with burnout, or addressing other lifestyle stressors can all bring a big payoff in relieving stress. Adopt Stress-Relieving Habits Certain habits can help you relieve stress if you make them a regular part of your life. Meditation, for example, can help you feel less stressed while youre practicing it, but regular meditation can help you become less reactive to stress that you encounter when youre not meditating. The same is true with exercise. Adopting a regular habit to help relieve stress can bring benefits in the short term as well as the long term. Get Ongoing Support It can be challenging to relieve stress, and it can get much easier to make necessary changes if you enlist support. This can mean letting your friends know what youre doing so they can cheer you on (and keep you honest), joining classes (yoga, meditation, and exercise classes are all great choices), hiring a life coach (many of us specialize in stress management), or even seeing a therapist or talking to your doctor if you need another level of support. Tips Find a mix of strategies that work well for you, and put them to use.If you try something new that doesnt work for you, try to find another stress reliever of the same kind--another lifestyle shift, for example, or another change in your thinking--that can work better for you.

Study On The Types Of Financial Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? 2.0 Introduction Financial Institutions are very important in our society today. This institutions let individuals and firms to borrow money and pay back later in time. Financial Institutions are institutions that provide financial services for its clients and members it also acts as financial intermediaries of the capital market and debt markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Types Of Financial Institutions Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This institution is responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies and vice versa who are in need of those funds. Financial institutions also facilitate the flow of money through the economy. This institution must take the risk when offering funds and loans to clients. This institution responsibility is to make sure that every client or company involved are satisfied by the services they offer and avoid mistakes and risks when unexpected circumstances occur. There are 3 ways to transfer funds which are; Direct Transfer, Indirect Transfer through Investment Banking House and Indirect Transfer through Financial Intermediaries. These 3 ways are the most common and mostly used way to transfer money. 2.1 Types of Financial Institutions The first way is through direct transfer, direct transfer of money and securities occurs when a business sells its stocks or bonds to savers without going to financial institutions. Whereas, the business delivers the securities to savers and can get the payment immediately. Second way is through indirect transfer through investment banking house. Investment bank  is a type of financial institution that assists individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital through underwriting or acting as the clients agent in issuing of  securities. Compared to  commercial banks  and  retail banks, an investment banks do not take deposits. Investment bank can be categorized into private and public functions with a  Chinese wall  that separates the two in preventing the information from crossing to each other. The private areas of the bank deals with the private  insider information  that is not to be publicly disclosed, and the public areas such as stock analysis are dealt with public information. Other large service investment banks offer all of the lines of businesses, such as both sell side  and  buy side. The smaller ones sell side investment firms such as  boutique investment banks  and small  broker-dealers  focus more on investment banking and sales, trading and research. Investment banks offer services to both investors buying securities and corporations issuing securities. For corporations, investment bankers are the one who provide information about when and how to place their money to an investment banks reputation. So, investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings and making sure that the company is in good state. The third way to transfer funds is through indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. Some people do not enter financial markets directly but they use financial intermediaries or middlemen. Commercial banks are part of financial intermediary, mutual funds, pensi on funds, credit unions, savings and loan associations, and to some insurance companies is also part of financial intermediaries.  For example, when people deposit money in a bank, the bank uses the funds to make loans to home buyers for mortgages, to students so they can pay for their education, and to anyone else who needs to borrow. A person who has extra money could, seek out borrowers himself and bypass the intermediary. By not having the middleman, the saver could get a higher return. But still, people use financial intermediaries. Financial intermediaries provide important advantages to savers. First, is lending through financial intermediary is usually  less risky  than lending directly. The major reason for reducing risk is that a financial intermediary can diversify. On the other hand, an average saver could directly make only a few loans, and having bad loans would substantially affect his wealth. Financial intermediaries also insure its depositors from substantial losses. By making many loans, financial intermediaries can reduce risk; they learn how to predict a better forecast which of the people who wants to borrow money will be able to repay it in the future. People who do not specialize in this kind of lending may be in a poor judge of who loans are worth making and which are not, sometimes, even specialists can make mistakes. Another advantage of financial intermediaries give savers is  liquidity. Liquidity refers to the ability to convert assets into a spendable form which is money. House is an illiquid asset; selling one can take a lot of time. If an individual saver has borrowed money directly to another person, the loan can also be an illiquid asset. But if the lender suddenly needs cash, he must force the borrower to repay quickly, which is not be possible, or he must find someone else who will buy the loan from him, which is very difficult. So it is better to borrow money in financial intermediaries because it is safe and fast and it is legal compared to other unauthorized people because they may cheat you. 2.2 Conclusion This diagram summarizes the flow of funds in the market. The first one is; Direct transfer which shows that the stocks and bonds goes directly from the business to savers and the payment of the savers goes directly to the business itself. The second one is; Indirect transfer through investment banks which shows that the securities sold by the business go first to the investment baking house then to the savers and the payments made by the savers go first to the investment banking house and hands over to the business. In short, the investment banking house serves as the clients agent for this transactions and they take over the risks. The third one is; Indirect transfer through financial intermediaries which is same as the indirect transfer through investment banking house the only difference is that financial intermediaries have diffent forms in which the savers can choose from. The securities bought and payments will go through the financial intermediaries first and then to t he business and savers and they act as middleman. As a summary, Financial institutions are very important in our society now adays because thay help people and business to have a legal transactions. People engaged in this kind of transactions must know the risk that they are going through and financial institutions must be held liable if anything happen. In my opinion, each flow of funds has its own advantages and disadvantages whether it is direct or indirect. But for me, the best way is through indirect transfer thorugh investment banking house because savers may feel secure when they engage in this kind of transaction. The investment banks will act as the clients agent in all of this and they will make sure that the transaction between savers and business will go smoothly without any delay. And with that savers may feel that investments bank are reliable when it comes to this kind of matters. People may have different perception when it comes to this, they may choose the direc t transfer or indirect transfer through financial intermediaries. but still, savers has the assurance that their money is in good hands. They must never fall for illegal transactions like the loan sharks who offers high interest but cheat people.

Globalization of the Fast Food Industry Essay - 1802 Words

English 120 11-22-09 Globalization of the Fast Food Industry Imagine a world where almost everyone is overweight, and cultural and family traditions do not exist. Eric Schlossers book Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal explores the effects of the spread of fast-food companies like McDonalds to other countries. In his chapter â€Å"Global Realization† Eric Schlosser claims that â€Å"The global expansion of American fast food is homogenizing cultural identities; like Las Vegas, it offers â€Å"a brief sense of hope†¦ that most brilliant illusion of all, a loss that feels like winning† Schlosser carefully selects and organizes information to advance his claim by using direct evidence as well as more subtle methods. In order†¦show more content†¦Schlosser starts off by saying that McDonalds biggest forms of advertisement is toward small children. An Australian survey concluded that â€Å"half of the nations nine and ten-year-olds thought that Ronald M cDonald knew what kids should eat†(Schlosser 530). It just goes on to show how the fast food industry exploits children at such a young age. Schlosser goes mentioning that on several occasions McDonalds tends to â€Å"bully† any party whom tries to take them to court, and â€Å"threatened to sue at least fifty British publications and organizations, including channel 4, the Sunday Times, the Guardian, the Sun, student publications, a vegetarian society, and a Scottish theater group† (542). McDonalds did this for the sake of not losing a case called â€Å"The Mclibel case† which consists of a former postal worker Dave Morris and minibus driver and bartender Helen Steel which filed a lawsuit accusing McDonalds for â€Å"promoting third world poverty, selling unhealthy food, exploiting workers and children, torturing animals, and destroying the Amazon rain-forest amongst other things† (Schlosser 542). During the case McDonalds went as far as hiring spi es to break into houses to gather evidence for their case. Schlosser writes â€Å"The spying had begun in 1989 and did not end until 1991, nearly a year afterbthe libel suit had been filed† (544). This helps further Schlossers claimShow MoreRelatedGlobalization in the Fast Food Industry in Indonesia1515 Words   |  7 PagesFor this essay, I have chosen the fast food industry as the industry I will look at and Indonesia as the country. 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Spoof Ad Free Essays

Tropicana Is an American company which specialises In the production of orange lulce_ This company, owned by PepsiCo, claims that it produces 100% fresh orange juice as it is stated on their orange juice cartons â€Å"100% pure squeezed†. On the contrary, researchers have found that Tropicana’s promise of fresh Juice is not quite true. PepsCo Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Spoof Ad or any similar topic only for you Order Now released a series of posters almlng to convince customers that Tropicana orange Juice is more than just Juice, rather it is an essential for the body because it provides vitamins, fibers, and other nutritional benefits. The Ad, â€Å"It’s More Than Orange Juice† emphasises a more positive reaction towards the brand, when truly the product does not live up to its promise. According to Heml Weingarten, a blogger on Fooducate, Tropicana orange juice is kept in refrigerator vats for more than 6 months before it is distributed to the supermarkets. Hemi also adds that in order to prevent harmful, pathogenic bacteria from forming Tropicana strips the freshly squeezed orange Juice of its flavour and colour, then adds them back through flavour packs when the orange Juice Is ready to be sold (18, 2013). Alissa Hamilton, author of the book â€Å"Squeezed: What You Don’t Know About Orange Juice† noted that: â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice does not possess the same amount of fibers, vitamin C, and other nutritional benefits that oranges provide† which Is considered as a Ile towards the juice being 100% pure and natural (2011). Rationally speaking, every orange fruit on earth has its own taste, some are sweet some are sour. On the other hand, Tropicana’s orange Juice all taste the same which Is impossible unless It Is chemically engineered. Also, Tropicana’s Orange Juice Is ble to last for a month without changing Its flavour which clearly does not happen with truly fresh orange juice. Mike Valente, in his article â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice: Not So Orange! † explains how the Juice is pasteurized and deoxidized, and once that is done the Juice is able to last for a longer period of time (2011). All of the above evidence Is consistent with the fact that Tropicana Is marketing their Orange juice product using lies through their ads trying to convince consumers that their product is â€Å"100% pure and natural† when it is really not. This act of manipulation led the Tropicana company to court. Jonathan Stempel stated that a lawsuit was filed against Tropicana for their fraud (2012). The Natural Society adds: â€Å"Tropicana Brand just settled out of court to the tune of 9$ million† for false advertising (2013). Spoof Ad By Lhkat Tropicana is an American company which specialises in the production of orange juice. This company, owned by PepsiCo, claims that it produces 100% fresh orange juice as it is stated on their orange Juice cartons â€Å"100% pure squeezed†. On the PepsCo Inc. eleased a series of posters aiming to convince customers that Tropicana orange Juice is more than Just Juice, rather it is an essential for the body because it product does not live up to its promise. According to Hemi Weingarten, a blogger on Fooducate, Tropicana orange Juice is kept in refrigerator vats for more than 6 months when the orange Juice is ready to be sold (18, 2013). Alissa Hamilton, author of the nutritiona l benefits that oranges provide† which is considered as a lie towards the s impossible unless it is chemically engineered. Also, Tropicana’s Orange Juice is able to last for a month without changing its flavour which clearly does not happen with truly fresh orange Juice. Mike Valente, in his article â€Å"Tropicana Orange Juice: Not All of the above evidence is consistent with the fact that Tropicana is marketing their Orange Juice product using lies through their ads trying to convince consumers that â€Å"Tropicana Brand Just settled out of court to the tune of 9$ million† for false How to cite Spoof Ad, Papers

Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution free essay sample

Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution Ethical decision-making is essential in understanding and demonstrating values in educational institutions. Philosophical, social and moral principles and values accentuate ethical decision-making and shape the foundation for understanding the relationship between an individuals values and decisions made in educational institutions. Administrating what an individual knows is right is not always straightforward, and determining what is right is often difficult (Beckner, 2004). An exact collection of ethical principles and moral concepts in decision-making does not exist. An understanding of ideas, values, or concepts should guide ones decision-making and demonstrate what an individual believes to be the best for students and other stakeholders in an educational institution. Individuals should prepare to utilize logical and applicable methods in decision-making, predominantly in situations where an obvious right-and-wrong answer does not exist (Beckner, 2004). The following treatise will identify, compare, and contrast three approaches to making ethical decisions within an educational institution: consequentialism, mixed-consequentialism, and deontologism. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These three approaches to ethical decision-making, present a method for differentiating between right and wrong actions (Odell, 2001). Consequentialism In consideration of the consequential approach, individuals should do whatever brings about the best results in a situation. This idea relates to common sense in the logic thinking that if individuals know the results of a specific action will be better than the results of another, then the individual should choose the action which will have the best outcome (Uglietta, 2001). In consequentialism theory, an individual ought to maintain the ability to foresee the consequences of an action. To a consequentialist, the decision that generates the most benefit to the most individuals is the decision that is ethically acceptable (Beckner, 2004). One advantage of this ethical approach is that an individual can evaluate comparable results and use a point system to establish which decision is more beneficial to the most individuals (Rainbow, 2002). A weakness of this approach includes the involvement of predicting the future. Some individuals may be able to use life experience to predict results, but there is no certainty to this practice. This in turn, may lead to unexpected results, which may be unethical since the choice may not benefit many individuals. For example, if an individual starts a fire in the fireplace to warm other individuals, and the fire burns down the house because there was creosote buildup that caught on fire, the consequentialist has selected an unethical decision since the decision did not benefit many individuals (Rainbow, 2002). Mixed-Consequentialism In mixed consequential, consequential thinking is mixed with deontology thinking to form a single approach to ethical decisions. Consequently, a decision may be deontological when there is an assumption of justice, and consequentialistic when there is an assumption of utility or good (Nandi, 2006). Individuals should use this approach when there is an assumption of justice and utility of good (Beckner, 2004). Deontologism In consideration of the deontological approach, consequences of actions are not significant when it comes to determining what is right and wrong. In this view, the most important aspect to remember is that consequences do not make a difference when determining if an action or individuals are moral or immoral, the end does not justify the means. A standard of morality determines if an action is right and if individuals are good. Moral standards must always be kept no matter what the consequences (Beckner, 2004). Deontologist individuals unite responsibilities and obligations when evaluating ethical decisions. A deontologist will always keep promises and always follow the law, individuals who follow this approach will produce consistent decisions since they base decisions on set responsibilities (Rainbow, 2002). Deontology contains many positive features, but also contains weaknesses. One weakness of this approach is that there is no justification or logical basis for determining an individuals responsibilities. For example, if an individual decides to always be on time, one does not know why this individual has chosen to make this his or her responsibility. Another fault is that an individuals responsibilities may conflict and individuals are not concerned with the well being of other individuals. For example, for the person whom is running late, speeding to arrive on time will not maintain the law; however, arriving late breaks the individuals responsibility to be on time. Consequently, there are conflicting obligations and there is no clear decision. Deontology does not offer guidance when an individual encounters conflicting responsibilities (Rainbow, 2002). Compare and Contrast Consequetionalists support a common, yet all encompassing, insight: the single rationalization of any moral practice is to make the world a better place. Consequently, an individuals actions or moral standards would be immoral if the concluding effect was to make circumstances worse for all individuals affected by the act or moral standards. In contrast, in the deontology view, morality is not simply a matter of what results from an individuals actions or character (Uglietta, 2001; Elliot, 1993). In an action-based approach to consequential, because an action has no moral value, any activity is capable of becoming moral. In contrast, the deontological approach contends that some actions can have moral value of their own, neglecting to act on the principle present in such actions represents an immorality of some sort. For deontologists, specific actions possess fundamental moral worth. These actions are then worth accomplishing for their own purpose and not for the resulting good or advantage (Elliot, 1993). Consequentialism contends that all individuals long for and seek happiness and all actions are endeavors to attain happiness. In addition, consequentialism recognizes the importance of not following rules without question when they are no longer suitable; deontology does not. Deontology proposes objections to comparing what is with what ought to be as usefulness becomes indistinguishable to integrity and reality becomes confused with importance. The determination of good may turn out to be a matter of opinion or popular consensus (Elliot, 1993). Consequentialism cannot determine one good that is both essential and adequate for human success. Human success is determined by an assortment of goods, and sensible, ethical individuals may differ in their evaluation of which goods are significant (Beckner, 2004). There is no possible way to determine all the consequences of an action beforehand regardless of the relative value of those consequences. In the deontology approach, individuals are objective and their main beliefs are not dependent upon individual explanation for validity. Consequently, the main beliefs are quite simple to comprehend and follow, particularly because the main beliefs develop from human need and right and wrong are not difficult to recognize. Consequestionalists reject rules because consequentialism contends that following rules, when an individual can get better results by breaking them, is irrational. (Uglietta, 2001). Deontology has various strengths, in the most extreme form the contention is that morality has nothing to do with the consequences of decisions. However, mixed consequetionalists consider consequences when judging the rightness or wrongness of a decision (Uglietta, 2001). Deontology and consequentialism do not differ over whether morality rejects a focus on the consequences of actions or not. The two approaches differ over the essence of this focus. Consequentialism, maintains the view that morality is fundamentally about the encouragement of some good, and therefore, always about the consequences of ones actions. Deontology rejects this idea and maintains that some actions can be morally right even though they do not encourage some good (Uglietta, 2001). The fundamentals of consequentialism are therefore, revealed by concentrating on what is involved in the concept of promoting some good. Consequetialism now becomes the observation that all necessary moral decisions are those that encourage some essential moral value. In contrast, deontology becomes the observation that decisions need not endorse an essential moral value (Uglietta, 2001). Another important aspect of deontology and consequentialism to compare is that deontology is agent-relative whereas consequentialism is agent-neutral. An approach that is agent-neutral employs the same set of definitive goals and agent-relative does not (Portmore, 2005). Consequentialism also contends that every act is either acceptable or unacceptable exclusively in virtue of its affirmative or unhelpful inclination to encourage value. The deontology approach refutes this premise. In deontology, some acts are right or wrong, independent of the value of the outcome. Of course, a deontological approach can contend that some acts are acceptable in virtue of their good consequences, like the telling of a harmless lie, but this approach does not contend that all acts are acceptable in virtue of their good or bad consequences. When this occurs, the mixed consequentialism approach is essential. Mixed consequentialism will take the best attributes from both deontology and consequentialism and discard the questionable sections of each approach. This approach agrees with an individuals logical instincts (Portmore, 2005). Consequentialism by itself, is not a complete approach upon which to base ethical decisions that can guide individuals to make decisions that are right and why. However, consequentialism does provide a structure that is recognizable and establishes a set of substantive moral theories. Deontology is deficient in this structure, but recognizes moral reasons that do not rest on the significance of value (McNaughton Rawling, 1998). Conclusion The approaches to ethical thinking emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and guide individuals to the most ethically acceptable decision according to the guidelines within the ethical approach (Rainbow, 2002). Individuals should use deontology for decisions when the situation is clearly right and wrong, and straightforward. One must not ignore justice and individual rights in the interest of legal or organizational interests. Individuals should use consequentialism for decisions when right and wrong are not apparent. Individuals ought to consider the consequences and what decision will generate the most good. Individuals should use mixed consequentialism when there is an assumption of justice and utility of good (Beckner, 2004). Educational leaders must utilize some effective plan to assist in making the best decisions in difficult situations. In addition, educational leaders must and be able to attain an inference about the best way to proceed in these situations. Educational leaders should use personal, professional, and social discretion when encountering situations in educational institutions. This includes recognizing ones substantive responsibility as well as a procedure for managing that responsibility (Starratt, 2004; Mills, 2006). Educational leaders should also recognize ethical and moral dilemmas in a situation and identify his or her responsibilities to the situation. Educators should contemplate their ethical role of establishing and maintaining a learning environment that permits students to develop into productive members of society (Gorman Pauken, 2003).